Samkhya Karika 60

नानाविधैरुपायैरुपकारिण्यनुपकारिणः पुंसः ।
गुणवत्यगुणस्य सतस्तस्यार्थमपार्थकं चरति ॥ ६० ॥

nānāvidhairupāyairupakāriṇyanupakāriṇaḥ puṁsaḥ ।
guṇavatyaguṇasya satastasyārthamapārthakaṁ carati ॥ 60 ॥

nānāvidhaiḥ=manifold; upāyaiḥ=means; upakāriṇi=generous; anupakāriṇaḥ=of the ungrateful; puṁsaḥ=Purusha; guṇava ti=endowed with the three gunas; aguṇasya=of the one without gunas; sataḥ=on being; tasya=his; artham=purpose; apārthakaṁ=without benefit (for herself); carati=pursues

Prakriti, generous by nature, endowed with the three gunas, works through multiple means, to fulfill the purpose of ungrateful Purusha who is devoid of the three gunas, without any benefit for herself.

This karika continues with the general theme of the Samkhya philosophy that Prakriti functions for the sake of providing experiences (bhoga) and finally liberation (apavarga) for the Purusha. It does that by utilizing a variety of means.
Different commentators have provided slightly different lists of what these means are.

As per Gaudapada, Prakriti does this by offering experiences:

  • through births in divine, human and sub-human forms
  • of pleasure, pain, and delusion through the three gunas of sattva, rajas and tamas
  • through the objects of the senses like touch, sound etc.

Mishra does not offer any such list of these means. He states that Prakriti works like a faithful female servant in serving its master without expecting anything in return. He also uses the term ‘tapasvini’, a female ascetic for Prakriti. 

Other commentators have listed the eight ‘bhavas’ or the attributes of the buddhi as the means – dharma (virtue), jñāna (wisdom), virāga (dispassion), aiśvaryam (lordliness) and their opposites. Of these, jñāna leads to liberation whereas the other seven provide worldly experiences.

The karika emphasizes that Prakriti is generous (upakāriṇi) by nature and does its work without expecting anything in return (apārthakaṁ) from Purusha. The attribute used for Purusha is ‘anupakārī’ meaning ungrateful which usually has a negative connotation. However, we have to realize that Purusha is without attributes and is free of the three gunas. It is present merely as an observer. All it offers is pure consciousness which, due to its proximity, Prakriti, itself being inert, is able to use for all its actions.

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